Introduction

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects millions of people worldwide.
Despite its prevalence, many individuals are still unfamiliar with the intricacies of this condition.

In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the causes, symptoms, and diagnostic methods of ulcerative colitis, shedding light on its complexities and providing valuable insights for those affected by this condition.

Understanding Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the colon and rectum.

While the exact cause of the disease remains unknown, it is believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors.

Certain genetic mutations may predispose individuals to develop ulcerative colitis, while environmental triggers such as diet, stress, and microbial imbalances in the gut can exacerbate symptoms.

Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis

The symptoms of ulcerative colitis can vary widely among individuals, and they may range from mild to severe.

Here are some common symptoms associated with ulcerative colitis:

Diarrhea:

• Frequent bowel movements, often with urgency
• Loose or watery stools
• Blood or pus may be present in the stool

Abdominal Pain and Cramping:

• Pain and discomfort in the abdomen, typically in the lower left side
• Cramping before or during bowel movements

Rectal Bleeding:

• Blood in the stool, which may be bright red or darker in color
• Bleeding from the rectum or blood mixed with stool

Urgency to Defecate:

• Sudden and strong urges to have a bowel movement
• Difficulty controlling bowel movements

Tenesmus

• Feeling of incomplete bowel evacuation even after passing stool
• Persistent urge to pass stool, often accompanied by straining

Fatigue:

• General tiredness and lack of energy
• Fatigue can be caused by anemia, inflammation, or poor sleep quality

Weight Loss:

• Unintentional weight loss, often due to decreased appetite or malabsorption of nutrients

Anemia:

• Low red blood cell count, which can lead to symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, and paleness.

Fever:

• Low-grade fever during flare-ups or periods of active inflammation.

Loss of Appetite:

• Reduced desire to eat, which can contribute to weight loss and malnutrition.

Joint Pain:

• Pain, stiffness, or swelling in the joints, similar to arthritis.

Skin Changes:

• Skin rashes, sores, or lesions, such as erythema nodosum or pyoderma gangrenosum.

Eye Problems:

• Eye inflammation, redness, or pain, such as uveitis or episcleritis.

Liver Problems:

• Liver inflammation or complications, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).

Mouth Ulcers:

• Painful sores or ulcers in the mouth or on the lips.

Psychological Symptoms:

• Anxiety, depression, or mood changes related to the chronic nature of the disease.

It’s important to note that symptoms can vary from person to person and may change over time.

Some individuals may experience long periods of remission with few or no symptoms, while others may have frequent flare-ups with severe symptoms.

If you experience any of these symptoms or suspect you may have ulcerative colitis, it’s essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and management.

Early diagnosis and treatment can help improve symptoms and quality of life for individuals with UC.

Diagnosis of Ulcerative Colitis

Diagnosing ulcerative colitis typically involves a combination of medical history review, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies.

The following diagnostic methods may be used:

1. Medical history and physical examination: A healthcare provider will assess symptoms and medical history to determine the likelihood of ulcerative colitis.
2. Blood tests: Blood tests may be conducted to check for signs of inflammation, anemia, or other abnormalities.
3. Stool tests: Stool samples may be analyzed for blood, mucus, or signs of infection.
4. Colonoscopy: A colonoscopy is the most definitive diagnostic test for ulcerative colitis. During this procedure, a flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the colon to examine the lining for inflammation, ulcers, and other abnormalities.
5. Biopsy: Tissue samples (biopsies) may be taken during a colonoscopy to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.

Colonoscopy Explained

A colonoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the colon and rectum for abnormalities, such as polyps, inflammation, or cancerous growths.

It involves the use of a long, flexible tube with a camera and light source attached to one end, called a colonoscope, which is inserted into the rectum and advanced through the entire length of the colon.

Here’s a step-by-step explanation of what happens during a colonoscopy:

Preparation:  Before the procedure, you will be instructed to follow a special diet and take laxatives to empty your colon completely. This is necessary to ensure that the colonoscope can pass through the colon easily and provide clear images of the intestinal lining.

Arrival at the Clinic/Hospital: You will check in at the clinic or hospital where the colonoscopy will be performed. You may be asked to change into a hospital gown and remove any jewelry or accessories.

Insertion of the Colonoscope:  Once you are adequately sedated, the colonoscope will be gently inserted into your rectum and advanced through the colon. The colonoscope is flexible and can be maneuvered around the curves of the colon.

Visualization of the Colon:  As the colonoscope is advanced, the camera at the tip of the scope sends real-time images to a monitor, allowing the gastroenterologist to examine the lining of the colon closely. The doctor may inflate the colon with air or carbon dioxide to obtain better visualization.

Biopsy or Polyp Removal:  If any abnormalities, such as polyps or suspicious areas, are identified during the examination, the doctor may perform a biopsy or remove the polyps for further analysis. This is typically done using specialized instruments passed through the colonoscope.

Withdrawal of the Colonoscope:  Once the entire colon has been examined, the colonoscope is slowly withdrawn. The doctor carefully inspects the colon again as the scope is removed to ensure that no abnormalities are missed.

Recovery:  After the procedure, you will be taken to a recovery area where you will be monitored until the effects of the sedation wear off. You may experience some bloating, cramping, or gas after the colonoscopy, but these symptoms typically subside quickly.

Post-Procedure Instructions:  Before you leave the clinic or hospital, the doctor will provide you with instructions on resuming normal activities, any dietary restrictions, and when to follow up for the results of any biopsies taken during the procedure.

In summary, a colonoscopy is a valuable tool for the early detection and prevention of colorectal cancer and other gastrointestinal conditions.

It is a safe and effective procedure that allows doctors to visualize the inside of the colon and rectum and take necessary actions, such as biopsies or polyp removal, to diagnose and treat abnormalities.

If you are due for a colonoscopy or have concerns about your digestive health, be sure to discuss them with your healthcare provider.

Conclusion

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic condition that requires ongoing management and treatment.

By understanding the causes, symptoms, and diagnostic methods associated with this disease, individuals affected by ulcerative colitis can take proactive steps to manage their condition effectively.

Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for improving outcomes and enhancing quality of life for those living with ulcerative colitis. If you suspect you may have ulcerative colitis or are experiencing symptoms, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and treatment.

Contact Dr. Gosia George

Dr Gosia George and Dr Eduan  Deetlefs are clinical investigators at Spoke Research Inc and became involved in Clinical Research in 2017, and now runs the Inflammatory Bowel Disease trials.

If you’d like to take part in a clinical trial, join us here:

Apply for Crohn’s Disease Trial

Apply for Ulcerative Colitis Trial

We are here to provide you with expert medical advice in the field of clinical research with years of experience.

Contact us to find out more on clinical trials and treatment.